Letter Fountain pages 37 - 51

What are small capitals? How are they different than something set in ALL CAPS?
Does your font have small caps? If not name a font that does.

Small capitals are are smaller versions of capital letters. Small capitals are generally a little taller than  the x height and they are more successful in situations when a person is using a word that they want to be highlighted but not over baring, like it would be if they used all caps. Clarendon does have small capitals.

What are ligatures? why are they used? when are they not used? what are common ligatures?

Does your font have ligatures? If not name a font that does.

Ligatures are combinations of characters that were designed to prevent ascenders from hitting descenders in a body of text.  Ligatures are only used when it is necessary, most of the time the problem does not occur. No my font does not have ligatures, but Bembo does.

What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe?

A foot mark does not has a cone shape while the a quote mark has a 9 or 6 shape to it. 

What is the difference between an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?

 The inch mark is a straight shape while the quote mark has a curl to it.

What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used.

hyphen - is used as a symbol to break words.
en dash–is used to indicate a sudden change of direction.
em dash—is used to demarcate parenthetical thought.